Main articles: Am286, Am386, Am486, and Am5x86In February 1982, AMD subscribed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to ingest the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but IBM's policy at the time was to require at least digit sources for its chips. AMD after produced the Am286 low the same arrangement, but Intel canceled the agreement in 1986 and refused to intercommunicate technical info of the i386 part. AMD challenged Intel's decision to equilibrate the agreement and won in arbitration, but Intel disputed this decision. A long jural dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with AMD. Subsequent jural disputes centered on whether AMD had jural rights to ingest derivatives of Intel's microcode. In th
e face of uncertainty, AMD was unnatural to develop \"clean room\" versions of Intel code.In 1991, AMD free the Am386, its clone of the Intel 386 processor. It took inferior than a year for the consort to sell a meg units. Later, the Am486 was utilised by a number of super original equipment manufacturers, including Compaq, and evidenced popular. Another Am486-based product, the Am5x86, continuing AMD's success as a low-price alternative. However, as creation cycles shortened in the PC industry, the process of alter field Intel's products became an ever inferior viable strategy for AMD.
[edit] K5, K6 and AthlonMain articles: AMD K5, AMD K6, and AthlonAMD's prototypal completely in-house x86 processor was the K5 which was launched in 1996.[4] The \"K\" was a meaning to \"Kryptonite\", which from funny book lore, was the exclusive substance that could alteration Superman, with a country meaning to Intel, which dominated in the mart at the time, as \"Superman\".[5]In 1996, AMD purchased NexGen specifically for the rights to their Nx information of x86-compatible processors. AMD gave the NexGen organisation aggroup their possess building, mitt them alone, and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the K6 processor, introduced in 1997.The K7 was AMD's seventh procreation x86 processor, making its entry on June 23, 1999, low the sort study Athlon. On Oct 9, 2001 the Athlon XP was released, followed by the Athlon XP with 512KB L2 Cache on February 10, 2003.[6]
[edit] Athlon 64, Opteron and Phenom
Quad-core \"Barcelona\" die-shot.Main articles: Athlon 64, Opteron, and Phenom (processor)The K8 was a field revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the addition of a 64-bit spreading to the x86 instruction set (officially titled AMD64), the incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely broad action point-to-point interconnect titled HyperTransport, as conception of the Direct Connect Architecture. The profession was initially launched as the Opteron server-oriented processor.[7] Shortly thereafter it was merged into a creation for screen PCs, branded Athlon 64.[8]AMD free the prototypal threefold set Opteron, an x86-based machine CPU, on Apr 21, 2005.[9] The prototypal desktop-based threefold set processor kinsfolk — the Athlon 64 X2 — came a month later.[10] In primeval May 2007, AMD had forsaken the string \"64\" in its dual-core screen creation branding, becoming Athlon X2, downplaying the significance of 64-bit profession in its processors patch upcoming updates involves some of the improvements to the microarchitecture, and a agitate of target mart from mainstream screen systems to value dual-core screen systems. AMD has also started to promulgation dual-core Sempron processors in primeval 2008 exclusively in China, branded as Sempron 2000 series, with lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache, thusly the concern completes its dual-core creation portfolio for apiece mart segment.The latest AMD microprocessor architecture, famous as K10, became the successor to the K8 microarchitecture. The prototypal processors free on this structure were introduced on Sept 10, 2007 consisting of figure quad-core Third Generation Opteron processors. This was followed by the Phenom processor for desktop. K10 processors module become in dual, triple-core,[11] and quad-core versions with every cores on digit azygos die.
[edit] Fusion
Main articles: AMD Fusion, Bulldozer (processor), and Bobcat (processor)
This section contains information about scheduled or expected forthcoming machine chips.It may contain origin or speculative information, and may not emit the test description of the product.
After the merger between AMD and ATI, an start codenamed Fusion was declared that merges a CPU and GPU on digit chip, including a minimum 16 lane PCI Express link to accommodate external PCI Express peripherals, thereby eliminating the requirement of a northbridge chip completely from the motherboard. AMD module advise to a modular organisation methodology named \"M-SPACE\", where digit new processor cores, codenamed \"Bulldozer\" and \"Bobcat\" module be free in the 2009 timeframe.While very lowercase origin information exists even in AMD's Technology Analyst Day 2007, both cores are to be built from the connector up. The Bulldozer set convergent on 10 watt to 100 watt products, with optimizations for performance-per-watt ratios and HPC applications and includes newly declared SSE5 instructions, patch the Bobcat set module pore on 1 watt to 10 watt products, given that the set is a simplified x86 set to reduce noesis draw. Both of the cores module be able to incorporate full DirectX harmonious GPU core(s) low the Fusion label, or as standalone products as a generalized purpose CPU.
[edit] Other platforms and technologies
[edit] AMD chipsets
See also: Comparison of AMD chipsetsBefore the launch of Athlon 64 processors in 2003, AMD fashioned chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751 and the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation denaturized in 2003 with the promulgation of Athlon 64 processors, and AMD chose not to boost organisation its possess chipsets for its screen processors patch opening the screen papers to allow other firms to organisation chipsets. This is the \"Open Platform Initiative\". The start was proven to be a success, with many firms much as Nvidia, ATI, VIA and SiS nonindustrial their possess chipset for Athlon 64 processors and after Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX processors, including the Quad FX papers chipset from Nvidia.The start went boost with the promulgation of Opteron machine processors as AMD obstructed the organisation of machine chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened the machine papers for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today, Nvidia and Broadcom are the sole artful firms of machine chipsets for Opteron processors.As the consort complete the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the concern gained the ATI organisation aggroup for chipsets which previously fashioned the Radeon Xpress 200 and the Radeon Xpress 3200 chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors low AMD branding (for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as AMD 580X CrossFire chipset). In February 2007, AMD declared the prototypal AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with the promulgation of the AMD 690G chipset (previously low the utilization codename RS690), targeted at mainstream IGP computing. It was the industry's prototypal to compel a HDMI 1.2 port on motherboards, transport for more than a meg units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset, the plan was scrapped and the inventories of Radeon Xpress 1250 (codenamed RS600, oversubscribed low ATI brand) was oversubscribed to digit OEMs, Abit and AsRock. Although AMD states the concern module still produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not acknowledged the authorise of 1333 rate FSB to ATI. Considering the rivalry between AMD and Intel, AMD is inferior probable to promulgation more Intel chipset designs in the foreseeable future.On Nov 15, 2007, AMD has declared a new chipset information portfolio, the AMD 7-Series chipsets, covering from enthusiast multi-graphics segment to value IGP segment, to replace the AMD 480/570/580 chipsets and AMD 690 information chipsets. Marking AMD's prototypal enthusiast multi-graphics chipset. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on Nov 15, 2007 as conception of the codenamed Spider screen platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a after time in Spring 2008 as conception of the codenamed Cartwheel platform.AMD module also convey to the machine chipsets mart with the next-generation AMD 800S information machine chipsets, scheduled to be free in 2009 timeframe.
[edit] AMD Live!
Main article: AMD Live!AMD LIVE! is a papers marketing start centering the consumer electronics segment, with a recently declared Active TV start for moving Internet videos from scheme recording services much as YouTube, into AMD Live! PC as substantially as connected digital TVs, unitedly with a scheme for an ecosystem of certificated peripherals for the ease of customers to refer peripherals for AMD Live! systems for digital bag experience, titled \"AMD Live! Ready\".[12]
[edit] AMD Quad FX platform
Main article: AMD Quad FX platformThe AMD Quad FX platform, being an extremity enthusiast platform, allows digit processors to connect through HyperTransport, which is a kindred falsehood to dual-processor (2P) servers, excluding the ingest of buffered memory/registered memory DIMM modules, and a machine motherboard, the current falsehood includes digit Athlon 64 FX FX-70 information processors and a special motherboard. AMD pushed the papers for the surging demands for what AMD calls \"megatasking\" for genuine enthusiasts,[13] the ability to do more tasks on digit azygos system. The papers refreshes with the introduction of Phenom FX processors and the next-generation RD790 chipset, codenamed \"FASN8\".
[edit] Commercial platform
The prototypal AMD server/workstation papers after ATI acquisition is scheduled to be free on 2009 timeframe. Codenamed Piranha, the machine papers consists of AMD 870S/890S + SB700S machine chipsets, supporting Socket G3 processors play from 45 nm processors codenamed Montreal, with the implementation of G3MX memory buffering technology.AMD's virtualization spreading to the 64-bit x86 structure is named AMD Virtualization, also famous by the abbreviation AMD-V, and is sometimes referred to by the cipher study \"Pacifica\". AMD processors using Socket AM2, Socket S1, and Socket F include AMD Virtualization support. AMD Virtualization is also supported by promulgation digit (8200, 2200 and 1200 series) of the Opteron processors. The ordinal procreation (8300 and 2300 series) of Opteron processors module see an update in virtualization technology, specifically the Rapid Virtualization Indexing (also famous by the utilization study Nested Page Tables), alongside the Tagged TLB and Device Exclusion Vector (DEV).AMD also promotes the \"AMD I/O Virtualization Technology\" (also famous as IOMMU) for I/O virtualization.[14] The AMD IOMMU description has been updated to version 1.2.[15] The description describes the ingest of a HyperTransport architecture.AMD's advertizement initiatives include the following:AMD Trinity, provides hold for virtualization, security and management. Key features include AMD-V technology, codenamed Presidio trusted profession papers technology, I/O Virtualization and Open Management Partition.[16]AMD Raiden, forthcoming clients kindred to the Jack PC[17] to be connected through meshwork to a steel machine for central management, to reduce machine form factor sizes with AMD Trinity features.Torrenza, coprocessors hold through interconnects much as HyperTransport as PCI Express (though more pore was at HyperTransport enabled coprocessors), also opening processor socket structure to other manufacturers, Sun and IBM are among the supporting consortium, with rumoured POWER7 processors would be socket-compatible to forthcoming Opteron processors. The advise made rival Intel responded with the open of Front Side Bus (FSB) structure as substantially as Geneseo,[18] a collaboration project with IBM for coprocessors connected through PCI Express. Note that AMD positioned Torrenza for advertizement segment, whilst Intel positioned Geneseo for every segments including consumer screen segments[citation needed].Various certificated systems programs and platforms: AMD Commercial Stable Image Platform (CSIP), unitedly with AMD Validated Server program, AMD True Server Solutions, AMD Thermally Tested Barebones Platforms and AMD Validated Server Program, providing certificated systems for playing from AMD.
[edit] Desktop platforms
Starting in 2007, AMD, following Intel, began using codenames for its screen platforms much as Spider. The platforms, unlike Intel's approach, module change every year, swing pore on papers specialization. The papers includes components as AMD processors, chipsets, ATI graphics and other features, but continuing to the open papers approach, and welcome components from other vendors much as VIA, SiS, and Nvidia, as substantially as wireless creation vendors.Updates to the papers includes the implemtation of IOMMU I/O Virtualization with 45 nm procreation of processors, and the AMD 800 chipset information in 2009.[19]
[edit] Embedded systems
Main articles: Alchemy (processor) and Geode (processor)In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor and continuing its distinction of processor in MIPS structure processors, targets the hand-held and Portable media player markets. On June 13, 2006, AMD officially declared that the Alchemy processor distinction was transferred to Raza Microelectronics Inc.[20]In August 2003, AMD also purchased the Geode playing which was originally the Cyrix MediaGX from National Semiconductor to augment its existing distinction of embedded x86 processor products. During the second lodge of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred structure with speeds of fanless processors 667 rate and 1 GHz, and 1.4 rate processor with fan, of TDP 25 W. This profession is utilised in a difference of embedded systems (Casino slot machines and client kiosks for instance), several UMPC designs in Asia markets, as substantially as the OLPC XO-1 computer, an inexpensive laptop machine intended to be diffuse to children in nonindustrial countries around the world.For the past pair of eld AMD has been introducing 64-bit processors into its embedded creation distinction play with the AMD Opteron processor. Leveraging the broad throughput enabled through HyperTransport and the Direct Connect Architecture these machine class processors have been targeted at broad modify telecom and storage applications. In 2006 AMD added the AMD Athlon, AMD Turion and Mobile AMD Sempron processors to its embedded creation line. Leveraging the same 64-bit instruction set and Direct Connect Architecture as the AMD Opteron but at lower noesis levels and in smaller footprint packages[citation needed], these processors were substantially suited to a difference of traditional embedded applications. Throughout 2007 and into 2008 AMD has continuing to add both single-core Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors and dual-core AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion processors to its embedded creation distinction and now offers embedded 64-bit solutions play with 8W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors for fan-less designs up to multi-processor systems investment multi-core AMD Opteron processors every supporting longer than standard availability.In Apr 2007, AMD declared the promulgation of the M690T integrated graphics chipset for embedded designs. This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targeted at embedded applications requiring broad action 3D and recording much as emerging digital signage, kiosk and Point of Sale applications. The M690T was followed by the M690E specifically for embedded applications which removed the TV output, which required Macrovision licensing for OEMs, and enabled native hold for threefold TMDS outputs, enabling threefold independent DVI interfaces.
